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| credit: Lisa Larson-Walker |
Slate has a nice piece which
takes a look at the Chicago Deep Tunnel sewer project (formerly the TARP), and the challenges it faces keeping up with the greater intensity rains which appear to be a part of climate change. The project scale is massive:
Altogether, 109 miles of subway-size tunnel lie beneath Chicago and its
suburbs, covering more miles than the L, culminating in three suburban
reservoirs (not the kind you drink from)...
Fitzpatrick drives me to McCook Reservoir, the mammoth holding
pen, opened in late 2017, for the tunnels that run beneath the Chicago
and Des Plaines rivers. We stand on the edge of a pit that can hold 3.5
billion gallons of wastewater, enough to fill the Empire State Building
and then some. It doesn’t smell terrible, thanks to floating aerators
and because the pool has dwindled to 30 feet deep—Friday’s leftovers
from a half-inch of rain on Tuesday. At the far end we can see the
circular tunnel mouth leading downtown. The city’s wastewater
netherworld has its own Chicago-centric measurement system. Lake
Michigan is elevation 0. The pumping-station control room, on a little
hillock, is +25, or 25 feet above the lake. The roaring motors that
empty McCook after the rain sit at -297, 30 stories below ground.
Behind us, the second section of McCook—which will more than
double the holding capacity of the Mainstream Tunnel—is being excavated
by gigantic mining trucks. Vulcan Materials, the country’s largest
vendor of crushed rock, is digging millions of cubic yards of limestone
out of the ground.
The gist of the project is that many of Chicago's sewers handle both sewage and stormwater. When the city would get almost any rain, the sewers would be overwhelmed, basements would be flooded with sewage, and untreated waste would be dumped in the rivers. So the city came up with this crazy project to build giant tunnels a couple hundred feet underground to divert the excess flow to giant reservoirs to hold it until it could be pumped through the treatment plant, where it would be treated and released. Obviously, the cost of such a program is astronomical. On top of the cost, the changing climate has been a game-changer:
“The large and costly deep tunnel-reservoir system in Chicago is not adequate”
to handle 50-year storms, Changnon wrote of the impacts from a
September 2008 storm that caused the evacuation of more than 10,000
homes in the region. The Chicago Tribune reported
that in the four years after the tunnels were completed in 2006, the
MWRD released nearly 19 billion gallons of stormwater into Lake Michigan
compared to 12 billion gallons in the preceding 22 years. Similarly,
there have been 24 incidents of sewer overflow in the lake since the
first tunnel came online in 1985, compared to about 21 in the previous
40 years.
Then, in February 2018, after McCook had opened, tripling the capacity
of the main tunnel, a big rainstorm filled the new 3.5 billion-gallon
reservoir and sent another 3.8 billion gallons of sewage into local
waterways....By the time I visited in November, McCook Reservoir had filled to
capacity five separate times. Chicago’s multibillion-dollar
anti-flooding system is already struggling to keep up with the region’s
larger and more frequent storms.
As the article notes, the change in storm intensity over the 50-year construction timeframe exceeded the designers' imaginations. The scary part is that the combined sewers were also a result of lack of foresight by their designers. They were glad at that time to get the sewage out of the gutters and away from the city. Later, they had to re-engineer the Chicago River so that the sewage wouldn't foul the water intakes and cause disease outbreaks. Then, development caused massive flooding because the sewers weren't able to handle the increases in runoff from all of the pavement laid over the formerly pervious soil. Now that they have designed a system to handle the overflows, climate change is causing more intense rainstorms with longer durations. None of our storm infrastructure is built for it. I've been out of the civil field for almost 10 years, so I'm not even sure if the powers-that-be have even tried to grapple with what our design standards should be under the new climate regime. That should terrify people. It sure does me.
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